Earth Technology

Pegmatite Formation: Magmatic Differentiation and Metal Enrichment   1. Introduction Pegmatites are unique and highly significant rocks known for their exceptionally large size mineral grains and distinct mineralogical composition. These coarse-grained igneous rocks crystallize during the final stages of magma cooling and differentiation, concentrating rare and economically valuable metals such as lithium, beryllium, tantalum, and niobium. This article discusses the formation of pegmatites, the genesis of metals within these formations, and their economic relevance 2. Formation of Pegmatites Pegmatites typically form from highly differentiated magmas. As a magma body cools, minerals crystallize at different temperatures, causing the remaining melt to become enriched in incompatible elements and volatiles. This residual melt, rich in rare elements, is crucial for pegmatite formation. The crystallization of pegmatites occurs in a volatile-rich environment, promoting the...

How Climate Change is Worsening Summer Conditions in India Introduction Climate change is having a big impact on weather patterns and environmental conditions globally, with India being equally vulnerable. The intensifying effects of climate change are worsening summer conditions across the country, leading to numerous adverse consequences. This escalation in summer severity is evident through various changes observed in recent years, such as the extreme heat wave in 2022, where temperatures in parts of North India soared to unprecedented levels, affecting millions of people. This summer also, India has experienced a significant number of deaths due to extreme heat. Climate change is causing impacts at all levels. Increased Heat waves Climate change has led to a significant rise in the frequency and intensity of heat waves across India, making summers hotter and more prolonged. Example : In the summer of 2019, India experienced one of its most severe heat waves, with tem...

The Geologist's Guide to Finding Spodumene-Bearing Pegmatites Introduction Identifying spodumene-bearing pegmatites in the field requires a combination of geological knowledge, keen observation skills, and the use of specific tools. This article will guide you through the process of recognizing these valuable lithium-rich deposits. This article will cover the geological settings, visual identification, associated minerals, structural features, field tools and techniques and field observations to help in prospecting and exploration of spodumene-bearing pegmatites.  1. Geological Setting Tectonic Aspects Understanding the tectonic environment is crucial. Spodumene-bearing pegmatites often form in stable cratonic regions where igneous rocks, such as granites, and high-grade metamorphic rocks, such as gneisses and schists, are prevalent. These pegmatites are also commonly found near the edges of granitic plutons or within metamorphic belts subjected to significant tectonic st...

Understanding the ESG Challenges of Cobalt Mining in the Congo Introduction Cobalt is a key ingredient in batteries for electric vehicles and smartphones, making it crucial for modern technology. However, mining cobalt, especially in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), comes with serious environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues. The DRC produces about 70% of the world’s cobalt, but this mining process has significant negative impacts due to unscientific approach. This article explores these ESG challenges in depth. Cobalt ore Environmental Impact of Cobalt Mining Cobalt mining in the DRC has led to severe environmental damage. The process often involves harmful chemicals like sulfuric acid and cyanide, which can pollute water and soil. This contamination affects local wildlife and ecosystems, leading to deforestation and the destruction of natural habitats. Mining waste is frequently dumped without proper regulation, causing further environmental harm. A report b...